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More than half of this vast land is covered with mountains with different heights.

In general, Iran Mountains are located in two large and long stretched mountain chains of Alborz & Zagrous. There are also numbers of Isolate Mountains around situated in Iran central deserts, a brief description of the above-mentioned chains and the isolated mountains of central desert are explained below:

ALBORZ MOUNTAIN CHAIN:

In the ancient Persian language AL OR HAR meant (long) and Borz meant  (mountain).

This chain is stretched more than 950 km from northeast to northwest and along the Caspian Sea which is largest lake of the world. The width of this chain varies from 25 km to 110 km. This long chain is connected through mountains of northern Khorasan to Hendo Kosh Mountains in Afghanistan.

The height of Alborz in its eastern and western parts is between 2,500 m to 3,000 m. While in its central part (located in the southern of the Caspian sea) since the width of this chain increases, more high altitude peaks are also seen in this part.

The highest peak in this mountain chain is DAMAVAND (5,671 m) volcanic peak which lies in northeast of the central Alborz.

This great chain separates the Caspian Sea from central desert of Iran which results in different climatic conditions in those two regions as well as variety in grass covering, for this reason the northern part of this chain is green and covered with lush forests and its south part is rather dry and covered with bushes.

ALBORZ RANGES:

This chain has many ranges stretching from 30 km to more than 200 km suitable for hiking and strong and demanding mountaineering, some of theses ranges are: Takht-e-Soleyman, Central Alborz, etc.

Alborz HIGHEST PEAKS:

Here are some of high altitude peaks of this great chain in its central part:

-         Kholenou (4,375 m)

-         Kooloon Basteh (4,200 m)

-         Shah Alborz (4,200 m)

-         Sarak Chal (4,150 m)

-         Azad Kouh (4,370 m)

-         Alam Kouh (4,845 m)

-         Shakhak-e-Alam (4,740 m)

-         North Khersan (4,670 m)

-         Marjikesh (4,520 m)

And in Takht-e-Soleyman part:

-         Takht-e-Soleyman (4,650 m)

-         Alam Kouh (4,850 m)

ZAGROUS MOUNTAIN CHAIN

Derived from ancient Persian meaning the domain of gods.

This rather young chain is stretched fro northwest to southwest Iran and is mostly made of lime. Many fossils of water creatures can be found in this chain. Zagrous connects from northwest to Azerbaijan mountains and from southeast via Laleh Zar mountains  located northern of Hormoz straight is connected to the central mountains of Iran. This chain is over 1,400 long and its width is between 100 km to 300 km. In general Zagrous is divided into three regions as northern, central and southern. Because of it geographical condition and enjoying dry and mild climate which is affected by Mediterranean climate

ZAGROUS SUB MOUNTAIN CHAINS:

The most famous and important sub mountain chains of Zagrous are:

- Zard Kooh mountain range:

 with the length of 60 km, zard Kooh is located in the west part of the Zagrous mountain chain and is stretched from the northwest to the southeast. This area enjoys more than 10 peaks each with an altitude of over 4000 m; The highest peak in this area is called “Haft tanan “ (4221 m).

This area is also considered as one of the enjoyable out skirt places for skiing in Iran. The average of snowfall  in the region in comparison with other skiing areas is higher.

Zard Kooh sub mountain range acts like a barrier against the clouds, which moves from the southern part of Iran (Persian Gulf) To the  central  part of  Iran. This area has several permanent snowy glaciers on which there is the possibility of skiing even in summers.

This area has two small ski resorts , one of the ski resorts has three teleskis with the length of 800 m. The altitude of peaks from which the skiers can ski down are about 3000 m.

The  palce  which is suggest  in Zard Kooh area to do ski,  is located  near the installations of  Kooh Rang  dam and  river.

- Dena mountain range:

Dena Mountain Range with over 50 km length is situated in northwest part of Shiraz and from geographical view it is stretched from northwest to southeast; between Isfahan and

Kohkiloyeh Boir-e-Ahmad provinces.

Dena range consists of eastern, central and western ridges. A pass called Bijan (3,200 m) separates eastern ridge from central ridge; in not snowy times; this pass can be covered by car.  Because of the geographical situation of eastern part, which makes the snow melts rarely, the glaciers are found almost all the time in this part of the range, while in the western part some big walls could bee seen. 

Dena range enjoys more than 40 peaks each with an altitude of over 4,000 m.  “Bijan 3” (4,450 m) is known as the highest peak of this range. 

The mountains of this region are calcareous and because of this many fossils are found in this region.

Dena Suitable Climbing Time:

• Climbing on Dena ridges:

               If the snowfalls have been considerable in winter:  from mid July until mid September

               If less snowy winters:  from mid June until mid September.

• Individidual peaks of Dena Range

            The best time for climbing individual peak in this range is from mid May until mid September.

Dena water Resource:

Springs could be hardly found in the high altitudes of this range, but it is possible to make use of the water results from snow melting.

Dena Plant Covering:

In different altitudes of the southern foot of this range the following covering are seen:

·         Up to the altitude of 2,500 m, Oak forests

·         Up to the altitude of 3,500 m, small trees of wild plum and almond  

·         Up to the altitude of 4,000 m, bush

Dean Wildlife:

This region’s wildlife consists of some wild animals such as brown bear, partridge, different specious of eagles, vulture, wolf, panther and wild goat.